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The 1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle was the expulsion of 50,000–70,000 Palestinian Arabs when Israeli troops captured the towns in July that year. The military action occurred within the context of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The two Arab towns, lying outside the area designated for a Jewish state in the UN Partition Plan of 1947, and inside the area set aside for an Arab state in Palestine,〔Roza El-Eini,(''Mandated Landscape: British Imperial Rule in Palestine 1929-1948,'' ) Routledge 2006 p.436〕〔(''The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited'' ), Cambridge University Press 2004, p. 425.〕 subsequently were transformed into predominantly Jewish areas in the new State of Israel, known as Lod and Ramla.〔For population figures, see (Morris 2004, p. 425 ), (434 ). He writes that, in July 1948 before the invasion, Lydda and Ramle had a population of 50,000–70,000, 20,000 of whom were refugees from Jaffa and the surrounding area (p. 425). All were expelled, except for a few elderly or sick people, some Christians, and some who were retained to work; others managed to sneak back in, so that by mid-October 1948 there were around 2,000 Palestinians living in both towns (p. 434). *For the name change, see (Yacobi 2009, p. 29 ). Yacobi writes that Lod was Lydda's biblical name. *Palestinians called Lydda al-Ludd. Lydda was the Latin form of its name, which it was widely known by. See (Sharon 1983, p. 798 ). *Ramle can also be written as Ramleh; it known as Ramla by the Israelis, and should not be confused with Ramallah, the administrative center of the Palestinian National Authority.〕 The exodus, constituting 'the biggest expulsion of the war',〔Benny Morris, ''The Palestine Refugee Problem Revisited,'' Cambridge University Press 2004 p.4.〕 took place at the end of a truce period, when fighting resumed, prompting Israel to try to improve its control over the Jerusalem road and its coastal route which were under pressure from the Jordanian Arab Legion, Egyptian and Palestinian forces. From the Israeli perspective, the conquest of the towns averted an Arab threat to Tel Aviv, thwarted an Arab Legion advance by clogging the roads with refugees, forcing the Arab Legion to assume a logistical burden that would undermine its military capacities, and helped demoralize nearby Arab cities.〔〔Yitzhak Rabin,(''The Rabin Memoirs,'' ) University of California Press, 1996 p.383:'Allon and I held a consultation. I agreed that it was essential to drive the inhabitants out. We took them on foot toward the Ben Horon road, assuming that the Arab Legion would be obliged to look after them, thereby shouldering logistic difficulties which would burden its fighting capacity, making things easier for us.'〕 On 10 July, Glubb Pasha ordered the defending Arab Legion troops to "make arrangements...for a phony war".〔(1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, by Benny Morris )〕 The next day, Ramle surrendered immediately, but the conquest of Lydda took longer and led to an unknown number of deaths; Israeli historian Benny Morris suggests up to 450 Palestinians and 9–10 Israeli soldiers died.〔The death toll in Lydda: * (Morris 2004, p. 426 ): 11 July—Six dead and 21 wounded on the Israeli side, and "dozens of Arabs (perhaps as many as 200)". *(Morris 2004, p. 452 ), footnote 68: Third Battalion intelligence puts the figure at 40 Palestinians dead, but perhaps referring only to the numbers they had killed themselves. * (Morris 2004, p. 428 ): 12 July—Israeli troops were ordered to shoot at anyone seen on the streets: during that incident, 3–4 Israelis were killed and around a dozen wounded. On the Arab side, 250 dead and many wounded, according to the IDF.〕 Once the Israelis were in control of the towns, an expulsion order signed by Yitzhak Rabin was issued to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) stating, "1. The inhabitants of Lydda must be expelled quickly without attention to age.…",〔 〕 Ramle's residents were bussed out, while the people of Lydda were forced to walk miles during a summer heat wave to the Arab front lines, where the Arab Legion, Transjordan's British-led army, tried to provide shelter and supplies.〔(Morris 2004, pp. 432–434 ). *Also see Gilbert 2008, pp. 218–219.〕 Quite a few of the refugees died from exhaustion and dehydration. Estimates ranged from a handful to a figure of 350 based on hearsay, which is why the events are also referred as the ''Lydda death march''.〔For the use of the term "Lydda death march," see, for example, (Fraser 2001 ), p. 64. *For the number of refugees who died during the march: *Morris 1989, pp. 204–211: "Quite a few refugees died – from exhaustion, dehydration and disease." *(Morris 2003, p. 177 ): "a handful, and perhaps dozens, died of dehydration and exhaustion." *(Morris 2004, p. 433 ): "Quite a few refugees died on the road east," attributing a figure of 335 dead to Muhammad Nimr al Khatib, who Morris writes was working from hearsay. *(Khalidi 1998 ), pp. 80–98: 350 dead, citing an estimate from Aref al-Aref. *(Nur Masalha 2003, p. 47 ) writes that 350 died. *For the IDF and Ben-Gurion's analysis of the effect of the conquest of the towns and the expulsions, see (Morris 2004, pp. 433–434 ).〕 The events in Lydda and Ramle accounted for one-tenth of the overall Arab exodus from Palestine, known in the Arab world as ''al-Nakba'' ("the catastrophe"). Some scholars, including Ilan Pappé, have characterised what occurred at Lydda and Ramle as ethnic cleansing.〔For the use of the term "ethnic cleansing," see, for example, (Pappé 2006 ). *On whether what occurred in Lydda and Ramle constituted ethnic cleansing: *(Morris 2008, p. 408 ): "although an atmosphere of what would later be called ethnic cleansing prevailed during critical months, transfer never became a general or declared Zionist policy. Thus, by war's end, even though much of the country had been 'cleansed' of Arabs, other parts of the country—notably central Galilee—were left with substantial Muslim Arab populations, and towns in the heart of the Jewish coastal strip, Haifa and Jaffa, were left with an Arab minority." *(Spangler 2015, p. 156 ): "During the ''Nakba'', the 1947 () displacement of Palestinians, Rabin had been second in command over Operation Dani, the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian towns of towns of Lydda and Ramle." *(Schwartzwald 2012, p. 63 ): "The facts do not bear out this contention (ethnic cleansing ). To be sure, some refugees were forced to flee: fifty thousand were expelled from the strategically located towns of Lydda and Ramle ... But these were the exceptions, not the rule, and ethnic cleansing had nothing to do with it." *(Golani and Manna 2011, p. 107 ): "The explusion of some 50,000 Palestinians from their homes ... was one of the most visible atrocities stemming from Israel's policy of ethnic cleansing."〕 Many Jews who came to Israel between 1948 and 1951 settled in the refugees' empty homes, both because of a housing shortage and as a matter of policy to prevent former residents from reclaiming them. One of the key issues of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is whether the refugees and their descendants ought to have either compensation for their loses or the right of return, a concession many Israelis object to as a threat to the nation's Jewish identity.〔That it was one-tenth of the overall exodus, see (Morris 1986 ), p. 82. *That most of the immigrants to Lydda and Ramle were from Asia and North Africa, see (Golan 2003 ). *That refugees were settled in the empty homes to stop them from being reclaimed, see Morris 2008, p. 308, and (Yacobi 2009, p. 45 ).〕 ==Background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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